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Dec 13, 2020
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Apr 22, 2021
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Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of school culture on teacher performance; principal instructional leadership with teacher performance; work motivation with teacher performance; school culture with work motivation; principal instructional leadership with work motivation; school culture with teacher performance through work motivation; instructional leadership of school principals with teacher performance through work motivation. The research sample was 152 teachers in 17 public elementary schools from a population of 265 teachers. The data was collected using instruments that had been tested for validity and reliability. The research data were analyzed descriptively and path analysis. The findings show that school culture influences teacher performance. the principal's instructional leadership influences teacher performance; work motivation influences teacher performance; school culture influences work motivation; the instructional leadership of the principal influences works motivation; Work motivation is an intermediary for the influence of school culture on teacher performance and the influence of the principal's instructional leadership on teacher performance.
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How to Cite
Syalwa, Suriansyah, A., & Aslamiah. (2021). The Influence of School Culture, Principal Instructional Leadership, and Work Motivation on the Performance of SDN Teachers in Banjarbaru Utara District . Journal of K6 Education and Management, 4(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.11594/jk6em.04.01.05
References
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Akhtar, J. H., & Iqbal, I. (2017). Impact of motivation on teachers’ job performance: a case study of a public sector University. Journal of Educational Sciences & Re-search, 4(1), 53-71.
Ali, A., Maira, A., & Haider, J. (2012). Impact of motiva-tion on the working perfomance of employees a case study of Pakistan. Journal of Management and Business Studies, 1(4), 126-133.
Andriani, S., Kesumawati, N., & Kristiawan, M. (2016). The influence of the tranformational leadership and work motivation on teacher performance. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 7(7), 19-29.
Asim, M. (2013). Impact of Motivation on Employee Per-formance with Effect of Training: Specific to Educa-tion Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Scien-tific and Research Publications,3(9), 1-9.
Aslamiah, Suriansyah, A., & Amelia, R. (2019). Hubungan kepemimpinan instruksional kepala sekolah, Profesional Learning Community (PLC), dan motivasi terhadap kinerja mengajar guru SD Kecamatan Banjarmasin Ti-mur. Banjarmasin: Universitas Lambung Mangkurat.
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Batugal, M. C., & Tindowen, D. C. (2019). Influence of organizational culture on teachers' organizational commitment and job satisfaction: the case of catholic higher education institutions in the Philippines. Uni-versal Journal of Educational Research, 7(11), 2432-2443.
Bennis, W., & Townsend, R. (1998). Reinventing leadership, menciptakan kembali kepemimpinan. Clara Suendo (Ahli Bahasa). Jakarta: Interaksara.
Catania, G., & Raymond, R. (2013). The relationship be-tween age and intrinsic and exstrinsic motivation in wokers in a Maltese Culture Context. International Journal of Arts & Science, 6(2), 31-45.
Chen, Y.-G. (2017). Exploring differences from principals’ leaderships and teachers’teaching performances in public and private schools. The Journal of International Management Studies, 12(2), 65-81.
Chukwuemeka, O. (2013). Environmental Influence on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Port Harcourt Local Government Area of Rivers State. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Develop-ment, 4(12), 34-38.
Daing, C. A. (2020). School administrators’ instructional leadership skills and teachers’ performance andeffi-cacy in senior high schools in the national capital re-gion, Philippines. Thesis, Our Lady of Fatima Univer-sity.
Danim, S. (2010). Profesional dan etika profesi guru. Ban-dung: Alfabeta.
Dewi, F. (2019). Peran kinerja guru dalam meningkatkan pres-tasi balajar siswa Sekolah Dasar. Palembang: Universi-tas PGRI Palembang.
Duan, X., Du, X., & Yu, K. (2018). School culture and school effectiveness: the mediating effect of teachers’ job satisfaction. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 17(5), 15-25.
Durrani, T. I. (2019). Factors affecting teacher's perfor-mance: evidence from private secondary schools of Karachi, Pakistan. RADS Journal of Business Manage-ment, 1(2), 67-77.
Ehtesham, U., Muhammad, T., & Muhammad, S. (2011). Relationship between organizational culture and per-fomance managemen practices: a case of University in Pakistan. Journal of International Studies, 2011(4), 78-86.
Emmanouil, K., Osia, A., & Loana, L. (2014). The impact of leadership on teacher' efectiveness. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4 (7), 34-39.
Gewasari, M., Manullang, B., & Sibuea, A. M. (2017). The determinant factors that effects teacher performance of Public Senior High School in Deli Serdang District. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), 7(1), 12-21.
Ghanney, R. A., Antwi, T., & Ali, H. (2017). School culture and teacher job performance: a comparative analysis of the perception of teaching staff in private and pub-lic basic schools in ga south municipality. British Journal of Education, 5(9), 108-121.
Guo, Y., Chaoyou, W., & Yuqiang, F. (2014). The moderat-ing effect of organizational leaning culture on indi-vidual motivation and ERP systemassimilation at in-dividual level. Journal of Software, 365-373.
Han, J., Yin, H., & Boylan, M. (2016). Teacher motivation: Definition, research development and implications for teachers. Cogent Education, 3(1), 190-198.
Hasbay, D., & Altındag, E. (2018). Factors that affect the performance of teachers working in secondary-level education. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 22(1), 11-15.
Heryana, M. (2015). Kepemimpinan transformasional, motivasi kerja guru dan kompetensi guru terhadap kinerja guru serta implikasinta pada kompetensi lu-lusan. Kontigensi, 3(1), 110-115.
Irvine, J. (2019). Relationship between teaching experience and teacher effectiveness: implications for policy de-cisions. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies, 22, 119-124.
Jarrar, A., & Shawareb, A. (2013). Factors Affecting Teach-ers' Excellence from the Perspective of Queen Rania Award -Winning Teachers: (A Jordanian Case). Jour-nal of Education and Practice ,4(8), 71-81.
Jayani, D. (2012, 12 12). Kata Data. Retrieved 10 29, 2020, from Data boks Katadata: http:/databoks.katadata.co.id/Masih-Ada-Guru-Yang-Berpendidikan-dibawah-s1
Makovec, D. (2018). the teacher’s role and professional development. (IJCRSEE) International Journal of Cogni-tive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 6(2), 33-45.
Mohamed, A., & Abukar, A. (2013). The impact organiza-tional culture on employees perfomance of Moga-dishu Universities. Education and Management Scienc-es, 4(6), 66-78.
Mustafa, M. N., & Othman, N. (2010). The effect of work motivation on teacher’s work performance in Pek-anbaru Senior High Schools, Riau Province, Indone-sia. Sosiohumanika, 3(2), 118-124.
Nasra, M. A., & Arar, K. (2019). Leadership style and teacher performance: mediating role of occupational perception. International Journal of Educational Man-agement, 3(4), 110-115. DOI:10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0146
Njugi, A. W., & Nickson, L. A. (2014). Effect of organisa-tion culture on employee performance in non gover-mental organizations. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(11), 1-12.
Nurwati, N., Setiawan, Y., & Surachman, M. (2012). Effect of Leadership on Organizational Culture, Work Commitment, Wor Behavior and Employee Perfor-mance (Studies in Personnel Work Area Southeast Sulawesi). Application Management Journal, 1-15.
Pang, N. S.-K. (2013). globalization in the one world: im-pacts on education in different nations. education in one world: Perspectives from different nations. 11, pp. 17-27. BCES Conference Books.
Park, S., Egley, R., & Henkin, A. B. (2005). Teacher team commitment, teamwork and trust: Exploring associa-tions. Journal of Educational Administration, 43(5), 462-479.
Patnaik, J. (2011). Organizational curture: The key to effec-tive leadership and work motivation. Social Science In-ternational, 79-94.
Podolsky, A., Darling-Hammond, L., & Kini, T. (2019). Does teaching experience increase teacher effective-ness? A review of US research. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 4(33), 110-115.
Purwanto, N. (2011). Prinsip-prinsip; dan teknik evaluasi pengajaran. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Rusman. (2014). Model-model pembelajaran: Mengembangkan profesionalisme guru. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Per-sada.
Saleem, A., Aslam, S., Yin, H.-b., & Rao, C. (2020). Princi-pal leadership styles and teacher job performance: Viewpoint of middle management. Sustainability, 12(3390), 117-126.
Schmidt, K. V. (2008). The role of education within national human resource development policy. University of Wis-consin Milwaukee
Selvi, K. (2010). Teachers’ competencies. cultura. Interna-tional Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology, VII(1), 167.
Shah, S., & Udgaonkar, U. (2018). Influence of Gender and Age of Teachers on Teaching: Students Perspective. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Ap-plied Sciences, 7(1), 2436-2441.
Sintha, S., Ajay, K., Gupta, N., & Dutt, R. (2010). Impact of Work Culture on Motivation and Performance Level of Employees in Private Sector Companies. Ac-ta Oeconomica Pragensia, 2010(6), 49-67. DOI: 10.18267/j.aop.321
Sogoni, E. C. (2017). Influence of work environment on teacher performance in public secondary schools: A case study of Bungoma South Sub County, Kenya. Thesis, University of Nairobi, Project Planning and Management.
Stage, F., Carter, H., & Nora, A. (2004). Path analysis: an introduction and analysis of a decade of research. The Journal of Educational Research, 98(1), 5-13.
Sunarto. (2001). Manajemen sumber daya manusia. Yogyakar-ta: BPFE.
Suriansyah, A., Aslamiah, & Amelia, R. (2019). Hubungan budaya kerja, kecerdasan emosional dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) terhadap Kinerja Mengajar Guru SD Kecamatan Banjarmasin Utara. Banjarmasin: Universitas Lambung Mangkurat.
Suriansyah, A. (2014). Hubungan budaya sekolah, komu-nikasi, dan komitmen kerja terhadap kinerja guru sekolah dasar negeri. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Malang: FIP UN Malang.
Suriansyah, A. (2018). Membangun Pendidikan Berkualitas Berbasis Budaya Kerja Bermutu, Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Tanggal 3 Desember 2018. Banjarmasin: Universitas Lambung Mangkurat.
Suryani, S. (2013). Pengaruh budaya sekolah terhadap kinerja guru SMK di Kecamatan Prambanan Kabu-paten Klaten. Yogyakarta: Universitas Negeri Yogya-karta.
Syauta, Henry, J., & Troena, E. A. (2012). The influence of organizational culture, organizational commitment to job satisfaction and employee performance (Study at Municipal Waterworks of Jayapura, Papua Indone-sia). International Journal of Business and Management Invention,11(1), 69-76.
Triguno, D. (2014). Budaya kerja (falsafah, tantangan, ling-kungan yang kondusive, kualitas dan pemecahan masalah. Jakarta: PT Golden Terayon Press.
Usman, H. (2015). Model kepemimpinan instruksional kepala sekolah. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan,Th. XXXIV (3), 322-333.
Wahab, J. A., Mansor, A. Z., Hussin, M., & Kumarasamy, S. (2020). Headmasters' instructional leadership and its relationship with teacher performance. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11A), 97-102.
Wasini, P. (2016). Hubungan antara Kepemimpinan Trans-formasional Kepala Sekolah dan Motivasi Kerja Guru dengan Kinerja Guru Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Keca-matan Cilaras Jakarta Timur. Jurnal Manajemen Pen-didikan, 5(1), 52-81.
Winarto, J. (2020). Peran kinerja guru alam meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan ditinjau dari input, proses, dan out-put. Retrieved from http://edukasi.kompasiana.com
Zahed-Babelan, A., Koulaei, G., Moeinikia, M., & Sharif, A. (2019). Instructional Leadership Effects on Teachers’ Work Engagement: Roles of School Culture, Empow-erment, and Job Characteristics. c e p s Journal, 9(3), 1-10.
Zakaria, Rohiat, & Afrina, D. (2016). Hubungan kepemimpi-nan instruksional kepala sekolah dan efikasi diri dengan kinerja mengajar guru. Bengkulu: Universitas Bengku-lu.
Ahmed, I., Nawaz, M. M., Iqbal, N., & Imran, A. (2010). Effects of motivational factors on employee job satis-faction a case study of University of the Punjab, Pa-kistan. International Journal of Business and Manage-ment, 5(3), 70-80.
Akhtar, J. H., & Iqbal, I. (2017). Impact of motivation on teachers’ job performance: a case study of a public sector University. Journal of Educational Sciences & Re-search, 4(1), 53-71.
Ali, A., Maira, A., & Haider, J. (2012). Impact of motiva-tion on the working perfomance of employees a case study of Pakistan. Journal of Management and Business Studies, 1(4), 126-133.
Andriani, S., Kesumawati, N., & Kristiawan, M. (2016). The influence of the tranformational leadership and work motivation on teacher performance. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 7(7), 19-29.
Asim, M. (2013). Impact of Motivation on Employee Per-formance with Effect of Training: Specific to Educa-tion Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Scien-tific and Research Publications,3(9), 1-9.
Aslamiah, Suriansyah, A., & Amelia, R. (2019). Hubungan kepemimpinan instruksional kepala sekolah, Profesional Learning Community (PLC), dan motivasi terhadap kinerja mengajar guru SD Kecamatan Banjarmasin Ti-mur. Banjarmasin: Universitas Lambung Mangkurat.
Baporikar, N. (2015). Educational Leadership for Enhancing Quality in Teacher Education. In N. P. Ololube, P. J. Kpolovie, & L. N. Makewa, Handbook of Research on En-hancing Teacher Education with Advanced Instructional Technologies. Hershey PA, USA: Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global).
Batugal, M. C., & Tindowen, D. C. (2019). Influence of organizational culture on teachers' organizational commitment and job satisfaction: the case of catholic higher education institutions in the Philippines. Uni-versal Journal of Educational Research, 7(11), 2432-2443.
Bennis, W., & Townsend, R. (1998). Reinventing leadership, menciptakan kembali kepemimpinan. Clara Suendo (Ahli Bahasa). Jakarta: Interaksara.
Catania, G., & Raymond, R. (2013). The relationship be-tween age and intrinsic and exstrinsic motivation in wokers in a Maltese Culture Context. International Journal of Arts & Science, 6(2), 31-45.
Chen, Y.-G. (2017). Exploring differences from principals’ leaderships and teachers’teaching performances in public and private schools. The Journal of International Management Studies, 12(2), 65-81.
Chukwuemeka, O. (2013). Environmental Influence on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Port Harcourt Local Government Area of Rivers State. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Develop-ment, 4(12), 34-38.
Daing, C. A. (2020). School administrators’ instructional leadership skills and teachers’ performance andeffi-cacy in senior high schools in the national capital re-gion, Philippines. Thesis, Our Lady of Fatima Univer-sity.
Danim, S. (2010). Profesional dan etika profesi guru. Ban-dung: Alfabeta.
Dewi, F. (2019). Peran kinerja guru dalam meningkatkan pres-tasi balajar siswa Sekolah Dasar. Palembang: Universi-tas PGRI Palembang.
Duan, X., Du, X., & Yu, K. (2018). School culture and school effectiveness: the mediating effect of teachers’ job satisfaction. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 17(5), 15-25.
Durrani, T. I. (2019). Factors affecting teacher's perfor-mance: evidence from private secondary schools of Karachi, Pakistan. RADS Journal of Business Manage-ment, 1(2), 67-77.
Ehtesham, U., Muhammad, T., & Muhammad, S. (2011). Relationship between organizational culture and per-fomance managemen practices: a case of University in Pakistan. Journal of International Studies, 2011(4), 78-86.
Emmanouil, K., Osia, A., & Loana, L. (2014). The impact of leadership on teacher' efectiveness. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4 (7), 34-39.
Gewasari, M., Manullang, B., & Sibuea, A. M. (2017). The determinant factors that effects teacher performance of Public Senior High School in Deli Serdang District. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), 7(1), 12-21.
Ghanney, R. A., Antwi, T., & Ali, H. (2017). School culture and teacher job performance: a comparative analysis of the perception of teaching staff in private and pub-lic basic schools in ga south municipality. British Journal of Education, 5(9), 108-121.
Guo, Y., Chaoyou, W., & Yuqiang, F. (2014). The moderat-ing effect of organizational leaning culture on indi-vidual motivation and ERP systemassimilation at in-dividual level. Journal of Software, 365-373.
Han, J., Yin, H., & Boylan, M. (2016). Teacher motivation: Definition, research development and implications for teachers. Cogent Education, 3(1), 190-198.
Hasbay, D., & Altındag, E. (2018). Factors that affect the performance of teachers working in secondary-level education. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 22(1), 11-15.
Heryana, M. (2015). Kepemimpinan transformasional, motivasi kerja guru dan kompetensi guru terhadap kinerja guru serta implikasinta pada kompetensi lu-lusan. Kontigensi, 3(1), 110-115.
Irvine, J. (2019). Relationship between teaching experience and teacher effectiveness: implications for policy de-cisions. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies, 22, 119-124.
Jarrar, A., & Shawareb, A. (2013). Factors Affecting Teach-ers' Excellence from the Perspective of Queen Rania Award -Winning Teachers: (A Jordanian Case). Jour-nal of Education and Practice ,4(8), 71-81.
Jayani, D. (2012, 12 12). Kata Data. Retrieved 10 29, 2020, from Data boks Katadata: http:/databoks.katadata.co.id/Masih-Ada-Guru-Yang-Berpendidikan-dibawah-s1
Makovec, D. (2018). the teacher’s role and professional development. (IJCRSEE) International Journal of Cogni-tive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 6(2), 33-45.
Mohamed, A., & Abukar, A. (2013). The impact organiza-tional culture on employees perfomance of Moga-dishu Universities. Education and Management Scienc-es, 4(6), 66-78.
Mustafa, M. N., & Othman, N. (2010). The effect of work motivation on teacher’s work performance in Pek-anbaru Senior High Schools, Riau Province, Indone-sia. Sosiohumanika, 3(2), 118-124.
Nasra, M. A., & Arar, K. (2019). Leadership style and teacher performance: mediating role of occupational perception. International Journal of Educational Man-agement, 3(4), 110-115. DOI:10.1108/IJEM-04-2019-0146
Njugi, A. W., & Nickson, L. A. (2014). Effect of organisa-tion culture on employee performance in non gover-mental organizations. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(11), 1-12.
Nurwati, N., Setiawan, Y., & Surachman, M. (2012). Effect of Leadership on Organizational Culture, Work Commitment, Wor Behavior and Employee Perfor-mance (Studies in Personnel Work Area Southeast Sulawesi). Application Management Journal, 1-15.
Pang, N. S.-K. (2013). globalization in the one world: im-pacts on education in different nations. education in one world: Perspectives from different nations. 11, pp. 17-27. BCES Conference Books.
Park, S., Egley, R., & Henkin, A. B. (2005). Teacher team commitment, teamwork and trust: Exploring associa-tions. Journal of Educational Administration, 43(5), 462-479.
Patnaik, J. (2011). Organizational curture: The key to effec-tive leadership and work motivation. Social Science In-ternational, 79-94.
Podolsky, A., Darling-Hammond, L., & Kini, T. (2019). Does teaching experience increase teacher effective-ness? A review of US research. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 4(33), 110-115.
Purwanto, N. (2011). Prinsip-prinsip; dan teknik evaluasi pengajaran. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Rusman. (2014). Model-model pembelajaran: Mengembangkan profesionalisme guru. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Per-sada.
Saleem, A., Aslam, S., Yin, H.-b., & Rao, C. (2020). Princi-pal leadership styles and teacher job performance: Viewpoint of middle management. Sustainability, 12(3390), 117-126.
Schmidt, K. V. (2008). The role of education within national human resource development policy. University of Wis-consin Milwaukee
Selvi, K. (2010). Teachers’ competencies. cultura. Interna-tional Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology, VII(1), 167.
Shah, S., & Udgaonkar, U. (2018). Influence of Gender and Age of Teachers on Teaching: Students Perspective. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Ap-plied Sciences, 7(1), 2436-2441.
Sintha, S., Ajay, K., Gupta, N., & Dutt, R. (2010). Impact of Work Culture on Motivation and Performance Level of Employees in Private Sector Companies. Ac-ta Oeconomica Pragensia, 2010(6), 49-67. DOI: 10.18267/j.aop.321
Sogoni, E. C. (2017). Influence of work environment on teacher performance in public secondary schools: A case study of Bungoma South Sub County, Kenya. Thesis, University of Nairobi, Project Planning and Management.
Stage, F., Carter, H., & Nora, A. (2004). Path analysis: an introduction and analysis of a decade of research. The Journal of Educational Research, 98(1), 5-13.
Sunarto. (2001). Manajemen sumber daya manusia. Yogyakar-ta: BPFE.
Suriansyah, A., Aslamiah, & Amelia, R. (2019). Hubungan budaya kerja, kecerdasan emosional dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) terhadap Kinerja Mengajar Guru SD Kecamatan Banjarmasin Utara. Banjarmasin: Universitas Lambung Mangkurat.
Suriansyah, A. (2014). Hubungan budaya sekolah, komu-nikasi, dan komitmen kerja terhadap kinerja guru sekolah dasar negeri. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Malang: FIP UN Malang.
Suriansyah, A. (2018). Membangun Pendidikan Berkualitas Berbasis Budaya Kerja Bermutu, Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Tanggal 3 Desember 2018. Banjarmasin: Universitas Lambung Mangkurat.
Suryani, S. (2013). Pengaruh budaya sekolah terhadap kinerja guru SMK di Kecamatan Prambanan Kabu-paten Klaten. Yogyakarta: Universitas Negeri Yogya-karta.
Syauta, Henry, J., & Troena, E. A. (2012). The influence of organizational culture, organizational commitment to job satisfaction and employee performance (Study at Municipal Waterworks of Jayapura, Papua Indone-sia). International Journal of Business and Management Invention,11(1), 69-76.
Triguno, D. (2014). Budaya kerja (falsafah, tantangan, ling-kungan yang kondusive, kualitas dan pemecahan masalah. Jakarta: PT Golden Terayon Press.
Usman, H. (2015). Model kepemimpinan instruksional kepala sekolah. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan,Th. XXXIV (3), 322-333.
Wahab, J. A., Mansor, A. Z., Hussin, M., & Kumarasamy, S. (2020). Headmasters' instructional leadership and its relationship with teacher performance. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11A), 97-102.
Wasini, P. (2016). Hubungan antara Kepemimpinan Trans-formasional Kepala Sekolah dan Motivasi Kerja Guru dengan Kinerja Guru Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Keca-matan Cilaras Jakarta Timur. Jurnal Manajemen Pen-didikan, 5(1), 52-81.
Winarto, J. (2020). Peran kinerja guru alam meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan ditinjau dari input, proses, dan out-put. Retrieved from http://edukasi.kompasiana.com
Zahed-Babelan, A., Koulaei, G., Moeinikia, M., & Sharif, A. (2019). Instructional Leadership Effects on Teachers’ Work Engagement: Roles of School Culture, Empow-erment, and Job Characteristics. c e p s Journal, 9(3), 1-10.
Zakaria, Rohiat, & Afrina, D. (2016). Hubungan kepemimpi-nan instruksional kepala sekolah dan efikasi diri dengan kinerja mengajar guru. Bengkulu: Universitas Bengku-lu.